Which amendment guarantees the freedom of speech?

The First Amendment is the correct choice because it explicitly protects several fundamental rights, including the freedom of speech. Ratified in 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights, the First Amendment states, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." This foundational provision ensures that individuals can express their ideas and opinions without governmental interference, making it a cornerstone of American democratic values.

In contrast, the Second Amendment addresses the right to bear arms, the Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures, and the Eighth Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishments. Therefore, these amendments focus on different rights and protections, which is why they do not pertain to the freedom of speech.