What does the term "McCarthyism" refer to?

The term "McCarthyism" refers specifically to the practice of making accusations of subversion and treason without proper evidence, which was particularly prominent during the early Cold War era in the United States, especially in the late 1940s and 1950s. Named after Senator Joseph McCarthy, this phenomenon characterized a period of intense suspicion and paranoia regarding communist infiltration in the government and other sectors of society. McCarthy's allegations often led to witch hunts against individuals and groups, resulting in significant reputational damage, loss of employment, and violation of civil liberties. The era is marked by a disregard for due process and evidence, with many being accused based largely on fear and speculation rather than fact. This response reflects a broader theme of societal anxiety during the Cold War, making understanding McCarthyism crucial for contextualizing U.S. history during this period.